Glowy Glowy Dots!

The piece of DNA provided was called plasmid. The outer part has amp. resistance. There's a hunk of DNA that allows this piece of antibacterial to live in this antibiotic. Green Florescent Protein (which has been known to glow-can make mice glow!) Ara promoter is put next to the green gene. If the DNA is grown in the ara, then it turns on the green gene. For bacteria to turn green, it must be plus (plus vile and negative vile)

Some labelled LB (everything grows on this one!), some LB/amp (tend to have colonies, don't have the resistance gene), and LB/amp/ara (individual colonies, and should glow!)

Here's our steps!
Slap that bacteria on ice! (gently, though!)
include plasmid
heat a little
throw on ice for a heat shock
examine!

So the pictures aren't available, but I will describe them to you! The tube with the living DNA in it grew tons of tiny dots that seemed to glow when under flashlight. But the dead DNA tube looked like toothpaste smudges and had no dots or glow.

It's even been proven that cats with this gene tend to glow under certain light!




So here's a fun thought to leave you with...If you had this gene...

WOULD YOU GLOW...??

Evolution!

So evolution is a pretty big topic in today's society. It's a huge battle between science and religion. Do you believe in evolution? Do you believe in what religious works have to say about it? Can they be combined. That's for you to decide, but the following posts are from the scientific side!

Genetic Sequence Comparisons

The following genetic code sequences were intered into the Biology Workbench website...

>Wallaby

ATGGTGCATCTGACTGCTGAGGAGAAGAACGCCATCACCTCCCTGTGGGGTAAGGTAGCCATTGAACAGA

CTGGTGGTGAGGCTCTTGGCAGGCTGCTCATTGTCTACCCATGGACCTCCAGGTTTTTTGACCATTTTGG

TGACCTATCCAATGCCAAGGCTGTCATGTCAAATCCTAAGGTCCTTGCCCATGGTGCTAAGGTGTTAGTT

GCCTTTGGCGATGCCATCAAGAACCTGGACAACCTGAAGGGTACCTTTGCCAAGCTAAGTGAGCTCCATT

GTGACAAACTGCATGTGGACCCTGAGAACTTCAAGCTCCTGGGGAATATCATTGTGATCTGCTTGGCTGA

GCACTTTGGCAAGGAGTTCACCATTGACGCTCAGGTTGCCTGGCAGAAACTCGTGGCTGGTGTGGCCAAT

GCCCTGGCCCACAAGTACCACTAA

>Mouse

GTTTACGTTTGCTTCTGATTCTGTTGTGTTGACTTGCAACCTCAGAAACAGACATCATGGTGCACCTGAC

TGATGCTGAGAAGGCTGCTGTCTCTGGCCTGTGGGGAAAGGTGAACGCCGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCC

CTGGGCAGGCTGCTGGTTGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGCGGTACTTTGATAGCTTTGGAGACCTATCCTCTG

CCTCTGCTATCATGGGTAATGCCAAAGTGAAGGCCCATGGCAAGAAAGTGATAACTGCCTTTAACGATGG

CCTGAATCACTTGGACAGCCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCAGCCTCAGTGAGCTCCACTGTGACAAGCTGCAT

GTGGATCCTGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGCAATATGATCGTGATTGTGCTGGGCCACCACCTGGGCAAGG

ATTTCACCCCCGCTGCACAGGCTGCCTTCCAGAAGGTGGTGGCTGGAGTGGCTGCTGCCCTGGCTCACAA

GTACCACTAAGCCCCTTTTCTGCTATTGTCTATGCACAAAGGTTATATGTCCCCTAGAGAAAAACTGTCA

ATTGTGGGGAAATGATGAAGACCTTTGGGCATCTAGCTTTTATCTAATAAATGATATTTACTGTCATCCC

>Human

ACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCATCTGACTCCTGA

GGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGC

AGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATG

CTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGC

TCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGAT

CCTGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTCTGTGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTGGCAAAGAATTCA

CCCCACCAGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAGAAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCTAATGCCCTGGCCCACAAGTATCA

CTAAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACT

GGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGC

>Chimp

GGACAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGT

GGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGCAGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTACCCTTGGAC

CCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAG

GCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCT

TTGCCACACTGAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGATCCTGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGCAA

CGTGCTGGTCTGTGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTGGCAAAGAATTCACCCCACCAGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAG

AAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCTAATGCCCTGGCCCACAAGTATCACTAAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAAT

TTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGC

ATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGC

>Chicken

GCTCAGACCTCCTCCGTACCGACAGCCACACGCTACCCTCCAACCGCCGCCATGGTGCACTGGACTGCTG

AGGAGAAGCAGCTCATCACCGGCCTCTGGGGCAAGGTCAATGTGGCCGAATGTGGGGCCGAAGCCCTGGC

CAGGCTGCTGATCGTCTACCCCTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGCGTCCTTTGGGAACCTCTCCAGCCCCACT

GCCATCCTTGGCAACCCCATGGTCCGCGCCCACGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCACCTCCTTTGGGGATGCTGTGA

AGAACCTGGACAACATCAAGAACACCTTCTCCCAACTGTCCGAACTGCATTGTGACAAGCTGCATGTGGA

CCCCGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGTGACATCCTCATCATTGTCCTGGCCGCCCACTTCAGCAAGGACTTC

ACTCCTGAATGCCAGGCTGCCTGGCAGAAGCTGGTCCGCGTGGTGGCCCATGCCCTGGCTCGCAAGTACC

ACTAAGCACCAGCACCAAAGATCACGGAGCACCTACAACCATTGCATGCACCTGCAGAAATGCTCCGGAG

CTGACAGCTTGTGACAAATAAAGTTCATTCAGTGACACTCA

>Goldfish

GTGGAGTGGACGGATGCTGAGCGAAGTGCCATCATTGGCCTGTGGGGAAAGCTCAATCCCGCTGAACTCG

GACCTCAGGCCCTGGCCAGGTGTCTGATCGTGTATCCCTGGACTCAGAGATATTTCGCCACCTTTGGGAA

CCTGTCAAGCCCCGCTGCAATCATGGGTAACCCCAAGGTGGCAGCTCACGGCAGGACTGTGATGGGAGGT

CTGGAGAGAGCCATCAAGAACATGGATAACATCAAGGCCACCTATGCGCCACTCAGTGTGATGCACTCTG

AGAAATTGCATGTGGATCCCGACAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGCTGATTGCATCACCGTGTGCGCTGCCATGAA

GTTTGGCCCATCTGGGTTCAATGCTGACGTCCAGGAGGCCTGGCAGAAGTTTCTGTGTGTCGTCGTTTCC

GCTCTGTGCAGACAATACCAT

EXPLORING MOLECULAR EVOLUTION

STUDENT WORKSHEET

Results of your pairwise alignment comparing the beta globin gene in humans and in chimps:

1. Data about the alignment can be found below the blue/black alignment chart. How many nucleotides are there in the beta globin gene for:
1. The chimp?

               600

2. The human?

               626

2. A blue asterix indicates that the nucleotides in both sequences are the same, we say they are conserved. What percentage of the beta globin sequence is conserved in chimps and humans? (Don’t include the insertion at the beginning of the human gene). This percentage is often reported as a similarity “score” below the alignment.

               99% similarity between chimps and humans!

3. Would you expect the protein structure to be highly similar or markedly different in the chimp and the human? Explain.

               I think that the protein structure between chimps and humans would be quite similar since their DNA is 99% similar. Their build is much alike. There are a few differences in specific details (such as how much hair), but the proteins would be very much like each other.

RETURN TO BIOLOGY WORKBENCH INSTRUCTIONS

Results of your pairwise alignment comparing the beta globin gene in humans and in chickens:

1. What is the percentage of sequence conservation between the beta globin gene in chickens and humans?

               57%

2. Looking at the two pairwise alignments you have performed, would you expect the beta globin protein found in humans to be more similar to that found in chickens or that found in chimps? Explain.
   
   

              I would expect the protein in humans to be more like that in chimps than chickens. This is because their DNA has been proven to be more alike.

3. Do the results achieved by running these alignments support the results on evolutionary relationships determined by scientists using anatomical homology (similarities)? Explain.  
   
   

               This does support evolutionary relationships that scientists have come up with! It's been said that humans are similar to chimps. But when one thinks about humans being a lot like chickens...things just don't add up. This information proves that humans and chimps are very much alike!

RETURN TO BIOLOGY WORKBENCH INSTRUCTIONS

Results of your multiple sequence alignment comparing the beta globin gene in a variety of animal species:

1. Examine the Unrooted Tree produced.  

Record the species at the end of each branch on the unrooted tree shown below.

2. Based on the information in the unrooted tree:

1. Which two species appear to be most closely related to each other? Explain your choice.

             Humans and chimps appear to be closest related because they are on the same branch.

2. Which two species seem to be the least closely related to each other? Explain your choice.

               The wallaby and the human appear to be quite similar because the wallaby has its own node and the human, two.

3. Comparative evolutionary distance between species is indicated by the length of the clades they are on. Give the comparative evolutionary distance (by percentage similarity “score”) between:

1. The mouse and human

               79% with 630 bp

2. The wallaby and the human

               75% with 444 bp

3. The chimp and the human

               99% with 600 bp

Comment on the significance of these results given your knowledge of mammalian groups.

               Humans are more closely related to chimps than a mouse or wallaby.

RETURN TO BIOLOGY WORKBENCH INSTRUCTIONS

Results of your Rooted Phylogenetic Tree:

1. Examine your Rooted Phylogenetic Tree and record the species at the end of each branch.  

2. Based on this tree diagram, which species is/are most closely related to:

1. The goldfish:

               Chicken

2. The mouse:

               Chimp or human

3. Homology is a term used to refer to a feature in two or more species that is similar because of descent; it evolved from the same feature in the last common ancestor of the species. Hence, similarity in DNA or protein sequences between individuals of the same species or among different species is referred to as sequence homology. Which two species in the tree above share greatest homology with respect to the beta globin gene?

               Human and chimp could be homology.

4. A node is a branch point representing a divergence event from a common ancestor. Which two species have the most ancestral nodes (divergence events) in the tree above? Explain your answer giving the number of nodes leading to these species.

               Human and chimp have the most ancestral nodes. There were two after the first one.

5. Looking at the phylogentic tree above, which two organisms:

1. Diverged from their common ancestor most recently?

               Human and chimp

2. Diverged from their common ancestor least recently?

               Wallaby

6. Draw a modified phylogenetic tree to show how the tree above might change if the beta globin gene for a kangaroo was added to the multiple sequence alignment.

7. It is important to understand that the phylogenetic trees you generated using bioinformatics tools are based on sequence data alone. While sequence relatedness can be very powerful as a predictor of the relatedness of species, other methods must be used in addition to sequence homology, to determine evolutionary relationships. Briefly describe 3 other methods that you think might be used to determine evolutionary relationships.

• The way the species look and reproduce

• Fossils-fossils show lots of different things found that can reveal new species (new...!)

• Breeding-when different animals breed with each other, new species are bound to be born!