Just Some Notes! :)

CARBOHYDRATES + EXAMPLES

Mono saccharides
single sugar molecule glucose, ribose, deoxyribose

disaccharides
contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction
sucrose

polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides
starch, cellulose (in paper), chitin (hard crunchy dead bug leftovers)

Single sugar molecules
Quite soluble and sweet to eat
Ex. Glucose (blood, fructose (fruit) and galactose
     hexoses-six carbon atoms
     isomers of C6 H12 O6
Ribose and deoxyribose (in nucleotides)

DISACCHARIDES
contain two monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction
soluble and sweet to taste
EX. sucrose-table sugar, maple sugar
-one glucose and one fructose joined by dehydration

POLY saccharides
polymers of monosaccharides
low solubility
not sweet to taste
EX. starch-polymer of glucose
- used for short term energy storage.
plant starch
often branched chain Amylose, corn starch
Animal starch
unbranched
glycogen in liver and muscles
Cellulose
-long, coiled polymer of glucose
-glucoses connected differently than in starch
-structural element for plants
-main component of wood and many natural fivers
-indigestible by most animals
Chitin
-polymer of glucose
-each glucose with an amino group
-very resistant to wear and digestion
-arthropod exoskeletons, cell walls of fungi

LIPIDS
Insoluble in water
-long chains of repeating CH2 units
-renders molecule non-polar
TYPES OF LIPIDS
Fats (long term energy storage and thermal insulation in animals) (butter, lard)
Oils (long term energy storage in plants and their seeds) (cooking oils)
Phospholipids (component of plasma membrane) (nonstick pan spray)
Steroids (component of plasma membrane; hormones) (medicines)
Waxes (wear resistance; retain water) (candles, polishes)

TRIGLYCERIDES (Fat)
-long term energy storage
-backbone of one glycerol molecule
-three-carbon alcohol
-each has an OH group
Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule
-long hydrocarbon chain
-saturated-no double bonds between carbons
-unsaturated. less than 1 double bonds between carbons

Phospholipids
Derived from triglycerides
-Glycerol backbone
-two fatty acids attached instead of three
-third fatty acid replaced by phosphate group
-the fatty acids are non-polar and hydrophobic
-the phosphate group is poly and hydrophilic
Molecules self arrange when placed in water
-polar phosphate "heads" next to water
-non-polar fatty acid "tails"


STEROIDS AND WAXES
Steroids
-cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
-skeletons of four fused carbon rings
Waxes
-long chain fatty acid bonded to a long chain alcohol
-high melting point
-waterproof
-resistant to degradation